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PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADDICTION

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Chronic medical conditions are the most common source of prescription medication misuse. Unfortunately, these are also medications most likely to lead to overdose deaths and serious injury. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that “U.S. Prescription drugs, especially opioid analgesics, have been increasingly involved in drug overdose deaths.” The rate of deaths caused by prescription drug misuse doubled between 1999 and 2010. The most common types of abused prescriptions include:

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
  • Opioids
  • Stimulants

WHAT IS CONSIDERED A PRESCRIPTION DRUG?

A doctor must write the prescription, and a pharmacy must fill the medication to be considered a prescription drug. Some people mix up over-the-counter drugs and prescription medication, but they are two different classes assigned by the Food Drug Administration (FDA). Over-the-counter medications have a much lower risk for misuse or severe side effects. 

The National Institute on Drug Abuse lists the following as the most commonly misused prescription drugs: 

  • Depressants: sleep medications, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
  • Stimulants: amphetamines and methylphenidate
  • Opioids: pain relievers, methadone, codeine, morphine, fentanyl, and analogs
  • Other Drugs: Dextromethorphan (DXM)

SIGNS OF PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADDICTION

Recognizing when someone has become addicted to prescription medications can be challenging, especially if they have chronic pain or other health conditions. Many people contribute any changes in mood and behavior to accepted side effects of the prescription. However, a few common signs of prescription drug addiction that you may notice include the following:

  • Filling prescriptions more often than should be necessary
  • Filling prescriptions from multiple doctors or “doctor shopping,” including online, to get a higher quantity of the drug
  • Taking the medication at a higher dose than prescribed
  • Unusual changes in sleeping pattern and energy levels
  • Aggressive behavior when questioned about prescription use or when it is not available
  • Severe mood swings that coincide with whether or not they have access to the prescription
  • Withdrawal symptoms
  • Taking prescription drugs assigned to someone else
  • Often “losing” prescription medications and requiring faster refills
  • Crushing or breaking pills
  • Stealing or forging prescriptions for the drug
  • Lying or exhibiting uncharacteristic behaviors related to the prescription
  • Having stashes of the medicine hidden around their house

Each type of drug has unique symptoms that manifest if you take more than the recommended dose: 

  • Depressantsunusual and severe drowsiness, uncoordinated movements, involuntary rapid eye movement, dizziness, mental fog or confusion, sounds and looks under the influence, involuntary tics, bad memory, lack of inhibitions, and unusually poor judgment
  • Opioidsdepression, mental confusion, unusual sweating, constipation, hypotension (low blood pressure), lower rate of respiration, risk-taking behaviors, bad judgment (especially in areas of personal safety), and lack of coordination 
  • Stimulantunexpected weight loss, decreased appetite, irritability or mood swings, insomnia or other sleep changes, risk-taking behaviors, restlessness, and hyperactivity

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LONG AND SHORT-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF ABUSING PRESCRIPTION DRUGS

The wide variety of prescription medications means that the health side effects of misuse can range from mild flu-like symptoms to organ failure. Below are some common mental and physical effects of abusing prescription drugs:

  • Hallucinations
  • Aggressive behavior
  • Anxiety 
  • Depression
  • Paranoid thoughts and behaviors
  • Extreme irritability or mood swings
  • Sweating
  • Physical aches and pains
  • Delirium
  • Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain
  • Changes in sleep pattern
  • Changes in weight and appetite

If you believe that you or a loved one may be addicted to a prescription drug, look at the medication side effects and speak with a medical professional to get help. Most medications have online withdrawal and addiction signs listed online. The most reliable way to determine if you are experiencing addiction is to speak with your doctor about your concerns. 

WHAT TO EXPECT DURING DETOX AND WITHDRAWAL

There is no one timeline or definitive set of symptoms for prescription medication withdrawal and detox because individual reactions are so different. Everything depends on the type of drug taken, for how long, and at what dose. However, they are often dangerous to stop taking without proper medical supervision. Depending on what prescription drug the individual took, stopping “cold-turkey” at home without medical supervision could lead to serious injury, illness, or even death. The safest way to detox is under the care of trained medical professionals. 

For some medications, slowly lowering the dose over a period of time under the supervision of a medical team is safer to ease off of them. How long this process takes can range from a few weeks to a year, depending on how fast-acting the medications are and the starting dose. To learn more about the timeline expectation for withdrawal symptoms, you can speak with your doctor or reach out to a rehabilitation facility near you.

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